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Table 2 Odds Ratios for 12 safety culture dimensions

From: Evolution of patient safety culture in Belgian acute, psychiatric and long-term care hospitals

Variable

 

Odds Ratio

 
 

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

O1

O2

Measurement occasion (Reference = First)

 

Second measurement

 

1.16*

1.21*

1.12*

1.16*

1.08*

1.17*

1.07*

1.34*

1.06*

0.94*

1.12*

/

 

Work area (Reference = Internal Medicine)

 

Acute and long-term care hospitals

Surgery

1.02

0.99

0.89*

0.97

1.04

0.90*

1.14*

1

1.08*

1.23*

1.08*

0.88*

Operating theatre

0.75*

0.82*

0.44*

0.77*

0.72*

0.81*

1.08*

0.83*

1.01

0.83*

0.78*

0.72*

Gynecology

0.90*

0.83*

1.09

0.90*

0.99

0.86

1.68*

0.91*

1.19*

1.57*

1.17*

0.73*

Pediatrics

1.34*

1.26*

1.48*

1.45*

1.23*

1.28*

1.76*

1.12*

1.07

1.31*

1.41*

1.08

Intensive Care Unit

0.96

0.96

1.14*

1.02

0.85*

1.03

1.94*

0.78*

0.92*

1.05

1.18*

0.77*

Emergency

0.77*

0.62*

0.80*

0.80*

0.73*

0.64*

1.09*

0.70*

0.61*

0.86*

0.58*

0.60*

Geriatrics

1.09*

1.46*

0.99

1.03

1.11*

0.98

0.88*

1.18*

1

0.93*

0.95

1.17*

Psychiatry

1.14*

1.15*

1.07

0.99

1.04

1.14*

1.82*

0.99

0.99

1

1.07

1.01

Medical-technical services

0.94

1.04

0.72*

1.09*

1.24*

1.08*

2.56*

1.09*

0.94

0.67*

1.61*

1.08*

Pharmacy

0.84

0.88

0.64*

0.97

0.98

1.16

1.55

0.95

0.97

0.46*

1.22

0.93

Psychiatric hospitals All hospitals

Admission/observation/crisis

0.99

0.85

1.06

0.89

1.01

0.94

1.08

0.76*

0.93

1

0.83*

0.90

Specialized unit

0.76*

0.82*

0.70*

0.81*

0.93

0.83*

1.17*

0.61*

0.78*

0.71*

0.71*

0.87*

Day/night hospital

1.77*

1.08

1.35

1.50*

1.30

2.17*

2.92*

1.21

1.37*

1.29

1.64*

0.93

Psychiatric supporting services

0.93

0.99

0.76

0.88

0.93

0.96

2.01*

1.08

0.88

0.62*

1.14

0.76*

Addiction therapy

1.35

1.08

1.35

1.31

1.24

1.24

1.64*

0.92

1.05

1.17

1.41*

0.83

Psychosis care

1.37

1.16

1.38

1.36

1.55*

1.33*

1.30*

1.01

1.61*

1.11

1.23

1.12

Mood disorder care

1.02

0.90

0.93

0.77

0.91

1.06

1.57*

0.96

1.33

1.22

1.15

0.88

Behavioral disorder care

1.79*

1.85*

1.45

1.96*

2.91*

1.32

1.24

1.10

1.38

1.41

0.80

1.17

Child psychiatric department

1.10

1.01

1.07

0.67*

0.82

1.23

0.87

0.94

0.92

1.38*

0.84

1.13

Elderly psychiatric department

1.20

2.26*

0.77

0.97

1.37*

1.25

1.03

1.24

1.13

0.95

1.07

1.16

Neurology

0.87

0.64

0.49*

0.85

1.04

0.83

1.81*

1.07

1.14

0.63

0.67

0.93

Many units

0.78*

0.83*

0.82*

0.80*

0.75*

0.79*

1.15*

1.01

0.99

0.72*

0.82*

0.69*

Rehabilitation

1.10

1.20*

1.11

1.07

1.09

1.23*

1.90*

1.19*

1.01

0.84*

1.36*

0.96

Other

1

1.02

0.99

1.16*

1.13*

1.13*

1.95*

1.22*

1.06

0.85*

1.35*

0.97

Profession (Reference = Nurse)

 

Acute and long-term care hospitals

Head nurse

1.63*

1.88*

2.07*

2.96*

1.67*

2.68*

1.80*

1.95*

1.61*

1.24*

1.29*

1.08*

Nursing aid

1.17*

0.98

0.81*

1.10*

1.42*

0.88*

0.88*

1.37*

1.04

1.05

1.06

1.37*

Physician

0.96

0.94

1.51*

1.53*

0.96*

1.69*

1.99*

1.35*

1.47*

0.89*

1.71*

0.97

Physician, Head of department

1.19*

1.32*

1.85*

2.13*

1.47*

2.08*

2.08*

1.62*

1.59*

1.06

1.99*

1.10

Physician assistant/ in training

0.86

0.65*

0.99

1

0.76*

1.16

1.26*

0.94

1.01

0.74*

1.10

0.77*

Pharmacist

1.64*

2.13*

1.80*

2.20*

1.43*

2.11*

1.40*

1.77*

1.27

0.59*

1.29

1.12

Assistant pharmacy

0.70*

0.77*

0.75*

0.77*

0.86

0.86

1.13

1.27*

0.76*

0.59*

1.09

1.09

Administration/ Middle management

0.90*

0.79*

0.89*

0.84*

0.87*

1

1.11*

1.53*

0.99

0.72*

1.05

0.69*

Technician

0.74*

0.75*

1.06

0.83*

0.98

0.94

1.31*

1.12*

0.91*

0.73*

1.27*

1.09

Psychiatric hospitals

Nurse/nursing aid

0.83*

0.81*

1.07

1.01

1.12*

0.96

1.47*

1.13*

1.22*

0.85*

1.06

1.08

Physician/Physician head of department/Physician assistant

0.72*

0.97

1.77*

1.72*

1.25

1.72*

1.50*

1.62*

1.56*

0.89

1.70*

1.22

Supporting services (pharmacy/assistant pharmacy/technician)

0.56*

0.66*

1.02

0.84

1.02

0.90

1.33*

1.39*

0.99

0.60*

1.24

1.10

Head nurse/Middle management

0.97

1.23

1.71*

2.13*

1.24*

1.65*

1.84*

1.66*

1.43*

1.12

1.50*

0.89

All hospitals

Therapist

0.73*

0.67*

1.10*

0.90*

0.75*

1.16*

1.50*

1.13*

1.05

0.60*

1.23*

0.68*

Other

0.78*

0.74*

0.85*

0.93

1.06

0.94

1.11*

1.29*

0.95

0.73*

1

0.91*

Period in current hospital (Reference = 21 years or more)

  

Less than 1 year

 

1.25*

0.94*

1.29*

1.38*

1.39*

1.24*

1.34*

1.45*

1.38*

1.34*

1.35*

1.14*

1 to 5 years

 

0.94

0.78*

0.99

1

0.95

1.07*

1.01

1.03

1

1.05

1.05

0.93

6 to 10 years

 

0.85*

0.76*

0.98

0.89*

0.85*

0.934*

0.96

0.90*

0.89*

0.974

0.95

0.88*

11 to 15 years

 

0.96

0.91*

0.98

0.96

0.88*

0.97

1.03

0.94

0.95

1

1.01

0.92*

16 to 20 years

 

0.96

0.90

0.97

0.91*

0.88*

0.91*

1.05

0.92*

0.95

0.964

0.95

0.96

Period worked in unit (Reference = 21 years or more)

  

Less than 1 year

 

1.16*

1.15*

1.29*

/

1.11*

0.90*

1.23*

/

/

/

/

1.07

1 to 5 years

 

1.18*

1.11*

1.10*

/

1.07*

0.98

1.21*

/

/

/

/

1.09*

6 to 10 years

 

1.09*

1.09*

1.00

/

0.99

1.02

1.13*

/

/

/

/

1.10*

11 to 15 years

 

1.02

1.04

1.04

/

1.02

1.01

1.13*

/

/

/

/

1.08*

16 to 20 years

 

1

1.06

0.99

/

0.99

1.02

1.04

/

/

/

/

1.01

Hours worked per week (Reference =80 hours or more)

  

Less than 20 hours

 

1.20*

1.19*

1.31*

1.41*

/

1.24*

1.74*

1.48*

1.31*

1.36*

1.31*

/

20 to 39 hours

 

1.31*

122*

1.31*

1.43*

/

1.35*

1.72*

1.38*

1.22*

1.31*

1.33*

/

40 to 59 hours

 

1.29*

1.34*

1.30*

1.48*

/

1.36*

1.37*

1.34*

1.19*

1.20*

1.23*

/

60 to 79 hours

 

1.13

1.37*

1.11

1.30*

/

1.19*

1.23*

1.27*

1.17

1.05

1.11

/

Contact with patients (Reference = No)

  

Yes

 

/

/

/

0.92*

1.27*

/

0.91*

1.10*

/

0.83*

0.91*

1.11*

Period in this profession (Reference = 21 years or more)

  

Less than 1 year

 

1.18*

1.14*

1.40*

1.26*

/

/

/

0.91

1.04

0.92

1.31*

0.93

1 to 5 years

 

1.06

1.07

1.17*

1.09*

/

/

/

0.87*

0.97

0.85*

0.17*

0.93*

6 to 10 years

 

0.96

0.97

1.04

1.04

/

/

/

0.81*

0.95

0.85*

1.08*

0.90*

11 to 15 years

 

0.97

0.93

0.97

1

/

/

/

0.87*

0.94*

0.88*

0.98*

0.89*

16 to 20 years

 

0.97

0.95

0.94

1.01

/

/

/

0.91*

0.98

0.95

1.03

0.97

Statute (Reference = Private)

  

Public

 

0.93*

0.91*

0.92*

0.92*

0.94*

0.85*

1.11

0.82*

0.82*

0.91*

/

/

Type of Hospital (Reference = Acute hospital)

  

Long-term care hospital

 

1.08

1.46*

1.12

0.97

1.08

1.15*

1.49*

1.42*

1.81*

1.83*

1.28*

1.06

Psychiatric hospital

 

1.82*

1.53*

1.22*

1.22*

1.20*

1.41*

1.52*

1.32*

1.37*

1.41*

1.32*

1.19*

Language (Reference = Dutch)

  

French

 

0.75*

1.73*

1.16*

0.91*

0.88*

0.89*

1.31*

0.82*

0.73*

0.84*

0.47*

0.78*

Both (French and Dutch)

 

0.73*

1.59*

1.18*

1.04

0.92

0.88*

1.12*

0.70*

0.68*

0.79*

0.59*

0.92

Number of Beds [Continuous variable]

 

1*

/

1*

1*

1*

1*

/

1*

/

1*

1*

1*

  1. P-values ≤ 0.05 indicated by (*); Significant higher odds ratios are displayed in italic, significant lower odds ratios displayed in bold./indicates that the covariate was removed from the GEE model, because of no significant effect on the safety culture dimension under consideration. Dimensions: D1: Supervisor/manager expectations and actions promoting safety. D2: Organizational learning–continuous improvement. D3: Teamwork within units. D4: Communication openness. D5: Feedback and error communication. D6: Non-punitive response to error. D7: Staffing. D8: Management support for patient safety. D9: Teamwork across units. D10: Handoffs and transitions. O1: Overall perceptions of patient safety. O2: Frequency of events reported.
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