Table 3 Reviews for data synthesis and analysis

32

Benn et al. (2009) [43]

Triangulation: analysis of reporting systems and interviews

–

N = 23 (reporting systems)

15 requirements for the design of effective systems in health care were identified, although further work is necessary to establish best practices for feedback systems in health care with respect to safety. The relative strength of different feedback mechanisms for incident reporting is not well understood.

33

Cousins, Gerrett, and Warner (2012) [23]

Retrospective analysis of medications CI

N = 526.186

–

A total of 526.186 medication incident reports were found which means 9.68% of all patient safety incidents. The establishment of an effective infrastructure in all sectors of health care organizations is highly recommended in order to promote and oversee safe medication practice.

34

Doupi (2009) [54]

Analysis of CIRS literature and data

–

N = 13 (countries)

In Europe, 3 different types of national patient safety incident-reporting systems were identified, of which only one health care system-wide, comprehensive reporting systems include ‘near misses’. There is no one right way of establishing national patient safety incident-reporting system yet.

35

Barach/Small (2000) [45]

Analysis of non-medical reporting systems

–

N = 12 (reporting systems)

Complex non-medical industries such as aviation have established consistent incident-reporting systems that may serve as a framework for health care organizations. These reporting systems focus on near misses, foster voluntary reporting, ensure confidentiality, and emphasize both data collection and analysis and improvements.

36

Wong/Beglaryan (2004) [33]

Analysis of CIRS literature

–

N = 58

Based on a review on patient safety strategies for hospitals, several recommendations (‘Providing Leadership for Patent Safety Initiatives’, ‘Creating a Culture of Safety’, ‘Providing Training and Continuous Education’, ‘Improving Reporting Systems’, ‘Establishment a National Patient Safety Strategy’) were given and next steps in research were proposed.